Adult immunisations

Immunisation is the process whereby a person is made resistant or immune to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines teach your immune system how to create antibodies that protect you from diseases. It's much safer for your immune system to learn this through vaccination than by catching the diseases and treating them. Once your immune system knows how to fight a disease, it can often protect you for many years.

Vaccination is the most important thing we can do to protect ourselves and our children against ill health. They prevent up to 3 million deaths worldwide every year. Since vaccines were introduced in the UK, diseases like smallpox, polio and tetanus that used to kill or disable millions of people are either gone or seen very rarely. Other diseases like measles and diphtheria have been reduced by up to 99.9% since their vaccines were introduced. However, if people stop having vaccines, it's possible for infectious diseases to quickly spread again.

Having a vaccine also benefits your whole community through "herd immunity". If enough people are vaccinated, it's harder for the disease to spread to those people who cannot have vaccines. For example, people who are ill or have a weakened immune system. All vaccines are thoroughly tested to make sure they will not harm you.

Adults with a certain health condition or over a certain age are offered vaccinations that help protect against serious illnesses such as flu, pneumococcal and shingles. Pregnant women are offered vaccinations that help protect against pertussis and flu.

Adult immunisations are given in primary care usually by the practice nurse or sometimes in alternative settings such as hospital or maternity if you are pregnant. Immunisation rates are often referred to as coverage, this is because vaccination coverage is the best indicator of the level of protection a population will have against vaccine preventable diseases. Coverage tells us how many people in that specific cohort have received the vaccination by a point in time for example how many adults have had the shingles vaccine by the time they turn 78. Vaccination uptake is also referenced which is the number of people vaccinated in a certain time such as how many people in a clinical at-risk group received the flu vaccine that winter.

The NHS Constitution advises that individuals have the right to receive the vaccinations that the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation recommends that you should receive under an NHS-provided national immunisation programme. The Director of Public Health role for immunisation programmes includes providing the appropriate challenge and to advocate for an emphasis on reducing health inequalities and improving access in underserved groups in the work of commissioners, providers, and other key stakeholders.

This JSNA topic will focus on adult immunisations administered in accordance with the NHS vaccination schedule. Table 1 lists the adult immunisation programmes.